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Attempt Any Four Case Study
CASE – 1 Dabur India Limited: Growing Big and Global
Dabur is among the top five FMCG companies in India and is positioned successfully on the specialist
herbal platform. Dabur has proven its expertise in the fields of health care, personal care, homecare
and foods.
The company was founded by Dr. S. K. Burman in 1884 as small pharmacy in Calcutta (now Kolkata),
India. And is now led by his great grandson Vivek C. Burman, who is the Chairman of Dabur India
Limited and the senior most representative of the Burman family in the company. The company
headquarters are in Ghaziabad, India, near the Indian capital New Delhi, where it is registered. The
company has over 12 manufacturing units in India and abroad. The international facilities are located
in Nepal, Dubai, Bangladesh, Egypt and Nigeria.
S.K. Burman, the founder of Dabur, was trained as a physician. His mission was to provide effective
and affordable cure for ordinary people in far-flung villages. Soon, he started preparing natural
remedies based on Ayurved for diseases such as Cholera, Plague and Malaria. Due to his cheap and
effective remedies, he became to be known as ‘Daktar’ (Indianised version of ‘doctor’). And that is how
his venture Dabur got its name—derived from Daktar Burman.
The company faces stiff competition from many multi national and domestic companies. In the
Branded and Packaged Food and Beverages segment major companies that are active include
Hindustan Lever, Nestle, Cadbury and Dabur. In case of Ayurvedic medicines and products, the major
competitors are Baidyanath, Vicco, Jhandu, Himani and other pharmaceutical companies.
Vision, Mission and Objectives
Vision statement of Dabur says that the company is “dedicated to the health and well being of every
household”. The objective is to “significantly accelerate profitable growth by providing comfort to
others”. For achieving this objective Dabur aims to:
Focus on growing core brands across categories, reaching out to new geographies, within and
outside India, and improve operational efficiencies by leveraging technology.
Be the preferred company to meet the health and personal grooming needs of target consumers
with safe, efficacious, natural solutions by synthesising deep knowledge of ayurveda and herbs with
modern science.
Be a professionally managed employer of choice, attracting, developing and retaining quality
personnel.
Be responsible citizens with a commitment to environmental protection.
Provide superior returns, relative to our peer group, to our shareholders.
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Chairman of the company
Vivek C. Burman joined Dabur in 1954 after completing his graduation in Business Administration
from the USA. In 1986 he was appointed Managing Director of Dabur and in 1998 he took over as
Chairman of the Company.
Under Vivek Burman’s leadership, Dabur has grown and evolved as a multi-crore business house with
a diverse product portfolio and a marketing network that traverses the whole of India and more than
50 countries across the world. As a strong and positive leader, Vivek C. Burman has motivated
employees of Dabur to “do better than their best”—a credo that gives Dabur its status as India’s most
trusted nature-based products company.
Leading brands
More than 300 diverse products in the FMCG, Healthcare and Ayurveda segments are in the product
line of Dabur. List of products of the company include very successful brands like Vatika, Anmol,
Hajmola, Dabur Amla Chyawanprash, Dabur Honey and Lal Dant Manjan with turnover of Rs.100
crores each.
Strategic positioning of Dabur Honey as food product, lead to market leadership with over 40%
market share in branded honey market; Dabur Chyawanprash is the largest selling Ayurvedic
medicine with over 65% market share. Dabur is a leader in herbal digestives with 90% market share.
Hajmola tablets are in command with 75% market share of digestive tablets category. Dabur Lal Tail
tops baby massage oil market with 35% of total share.
CHD (Consumer Health Division), dealing with classical Ayurvedic medicines has more than 250
products sold through prescription as well as over the counter. Proprietary Ayurvedic medicines
developed by Dabur include Nature Care Isabgol, Madhuvaani and Trifgol.
However, some of the subsidiary units of Dabur have proved to be low margin business; like Dabur
Finance Limited. The international units are also operating on low profit margin. The company also
produces several “me – too” products. At the same time the company is very popular in the rural
segment.
Questions
1. What is the objective of Dabur? Is it profit maximisation or growth maximisation? Discuss.
2. Do you think the growth of Dabur from a small pharmacy to a large multinational company is
an indicator of the advantages of joint stock company against proprietorship form? Elaborate.
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CASE – 2 IT Industry: Checkered Growth
IT industry is now considered as vital for the development of any economy. Developing countries
value the importance of this industry due to its capacity to provide much needed export earnings and
support in the development of other industries. Especially in Indian context, this industry has
assumed a significant position in the overall economy, due to its exemplary potentials in creating high
value jobs, enhancing business efficiency and earning export revenues. The IT revolution has brought
unexpected opportunities for India, which is emerging as an increasingly preferred location for
customised software development. Experts are estimating the global IT industry to grow to US$1.6
million over the coming six years and exports to reach Rs. 2000 billion by 2008. It is envisaged that
Indian IT industry, though a very small portion of the global IT pie, has tremendous growth prospects.
Stock Taking
The decade of 1970 may be taken as the stage of introduction of the Indian IT industry. The early
years were marked by 75 per cent of software development taking place overseas and the rest 25 per
cent in India. Exports of Indian software until the mid-1970s was mainly Eastern Europe, followed by
US. Tata Consultancy Services (TCS) was among the pioneers in selling its services outside India, by
working for IBM Labs in the US. The hardware segment lagged behind its software counterpart. With
instances of exports worth US$ 4 million in 1980, the software segment of the industry has shown an
uneven profile. It was not until 1980s that vigorous and sustained growth in software exports begun,
as MNCs like Texas Instruments started to take serious interest in India as a centre of software
production. Destinations of export also underwent changes, with US dominating the main export
market with 75 per cent of the exports. The IT Enabled Services (ITeS) segment, however, had not
emerged at this stage.
It was also during the mid to late 1980s that computer firms shifted focus from mainframe computers
(the mainstay of MNCs) to Personal Computers (PCs). In March 1985, Minicomp installed the first ever
PC at CSI, Delhi; this changed the entire industry for good. With the entry of networking and
applications like CAD/CAM, PC sales soared in 1987-88, touching 50,000 units.
From a modest growth in the mid-1980s software exports moved up to Rs. 3.8 billion in 1991-92.
Since then, it grew at an incredible rate, up to 115 per cent in 1993. The hardware could also register
an annual growth of 40 per cent in this period, backed by a surging demand for PCs and networking.
Growth of the industry was also driven by the emergence and rapid growth of the ITeS segment.
IT sector’s share of GDP rose steadily in this period, rate of increase being the highest at 44.91 per
cent in 2000-01. It was in the same year that the size of the total IT market was the biggest in the
decade, at Rs. 56,592 crore. The overall IT market was also found to increase till 2000-01. The overall
IT market was also found to increase till 2000-01, with the only exception of 1998-99. The domestic
market also showed an overall increase till 2000-01, registering a spectacular CAGR of 50.39 per cent.
Aggregate output of software and services also increased in this period, though at an uneven rate. Of
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approximately $1 billion worth of sales in 1991-1992, domestic hardware sales constituted 37.2 per
cent (13.4 per cent growth over the previous year), exports of hardware 6.6 per cent.
During 2000-01 the growth in the hardware segment was driven mainly by PCs, which contributed
about 58 per cent of the total hardware market. This period also witnessed the phenomenon of
increasing share of Tier 2 and cities in PC sales, thereby indicating PC penetration into the hinterland.
PC shipments had increased by 35 per cent every year from 1997 till 2000-01 when it reached 1.8
million PCs. The commercial PC market saw a growth of 23.5 per cent mainly due to slashing of prices
by major vendors.
It was in 2001-02 that the industry had a sharp fall in rate of growth of its share of GDP to 5.90 per
cent, from 44.91 per cent in the previous year. The total IT market also showed a fall in growth rate
from 56.42 per cent in 2000-01 to a mere 16.24 per cent in the next year, growing further at the rate
of 16.25 per cent in the next year. Software export was also affected, registering a low growth of 28.74
per cent and failed to maintain its growth rate of 65.30 per cent in the previous year. It got further
lowered to 26.30 per cent in 2002-03. CAGR of total output of software and services (in Rs. crore)
came down to 25.61 in 2001-02 and further to 25.11 in 2002-03. The domestic market showed a steep
decline in growth to 3 per cent in 2001-02 from an outstanding 50.39 per cent in 2000-01. It could,
however, recover by growing at 4.11 per cent in the next year.
Table 1: Indian IT Industry: 1996-97 to 2002-03
Year A* B* C* D* E*
1996-97
1997-98
1998-99
1999-00
2000-01
2001-02
2002-03
18,641
25,307
36,179
56,592
65,788
76,482
3,900
6,530
10,940
17,150
28,350
36,500
46,100
6,594
10,899
16,879
23,980
37,350
47,532
59,472
9,438
12,055
14,227
18,837
28,330
29,181
30,382
*A: share of GDP of the Indian IT market, B: size of the Indian IT market (in Rs. crore), C: software and
services exports (in Rs. crore), D: size of software and services (in Rs. crore), E: size of the domestic
market (in Rs. crore)
Questions
1. Try to identify various stages of growth of IT industry on basis of information given in the
case and present a scenario for the future.
2. Study the table given. Apply trend projection method on the figures and comment on the
trend.
3. Compute a 3 year moving average forecast for the years 1997-98 through 2003-04.
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CASE – 3 Outsourcing to India: Way to Fast Track
By almost any measure, David Galbenski’s company Contract Counsel was a success. It was a company
Galbenski and a law school buddy, Mark Adams, started in 1993; it helps companies find lawyers on a
temporary contract basis. The growth over the past five years had been furious. Revenue went from
less than $200,000 to some $6.5 million at the end of 2003, and the company was placing thousands of
lawyers a year.
At then the revenue growth began to flatten; the company grew just 8% in 2004 despite a robust
market for legal services estimated at about $250 billion in the United States alone. Frustrated and
concerned, Galbenski stepped back and began taking a hard look at his business. Could he get it back
on the fast track? “Most business books say that the hardest threshold to cross is that $10 million sales
mark,” he says. “I knew we couldn’t afford to grow only 10% a year. We needed to blow right through
that number.”
For that to happen, Galbenski knew he had to expand his customer base beyond the Midwest into
large legal supermarkets such as Boston, New York, and Washington, D.C. He also knew that in doing
so, he could run into stiff competition from larger publicly traded rivals. Contract Counsel’s edge has
always been its low price, Clients called when dealing with large-scale litigation or complicated
merger and acquisition deals, either of which can require as many as 100 lawyers to manage the
discovery process and the piles of documents associated with it. Contract Counsel’s temps cost about
$75 an hour, roughly half of what a law firm would charge, which allowed the company to be
competitive despite its relatively small size. Galbenski was counting on using the same strategy as he
expanded into new cities. But would that be enough to spur the hyper growth that he craved for?
At that time, Galbenski had been reading quite a bit about the growing use of offshore employees. He
knew companies like General Electric, Microsoft and Cisco were saving bundles by setting up call and
data centers in India. Could law firms offshore their work? Galbenski’s mind raced with possibilities.
He imagined tapping into an army of discount-priced legal minds that would mesh with his existing
talent pool in the U.S. The two work forces could collaborate over the Web and be productive on a 24-
7 basis. And the cost could be massive.
Using offshore workers was a risk, but the payoff was potentially huge. Incidentally Galbenski and his
eight-person management team were preparing to meet for their semiannual review meeting. The
purpose of the two-day event was to decide the company’s goals for the coming year. Driving to the
meeting, Galbenski struggled to figure out exactly what he was going to say. He was still undecided
about whether to pursue an incremental and conservative national expansion or take a big gamble on
overseas contractors.
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The Decision
The next morning Galbenski kicked off the management meeting. Galbenski laid out the facts as he
saw them. Rather than look at just the next five years of growth, look at the next 20, he said. He cited a
Forrester Research prediction that some 79,000 legal jobs, totaling $5.8 billion in wages, would be
sent offshore by 2015. He challenged his team to be pioneers in creating a new industry, rather than
stragglers racing to catch up. His team applauded. Returning to the office after the meeting, Galbenski
announced the change in strategy to his 20 full-timers.
Then he and his team began plotting a global action plan. The first step was to hire a company out of
Indianapolis, Analysts International, to start compiling a list of the best legal services providers in
countries where people had comparatively strong English skills. The next phase was vetting the
companies in person. In February 2005, just three months after the meeting in Port Huron, Galbenski
found himself jetting off on a three months trip to scout potential contractors in India, Dubai, and Sri
Lanka. Traveling to cities like Bangalore, Chennai and Hyderabad, he interviewed executives from
more than a dozen companies, investigating their day-to-day operations firsthand.
India seemed like the best bet. With more than 500 law schools and about 200,000 law students
graduating each year, it had no shortage or attorneys. What amazed Galbenski, however, was that
thanks to the Web, lawyers in India had access to the same research tools and case summaries as any
associate in the U.S. Sure, they didn’t speak American English. “But they were highly motivated, highly
intelligent, and extremely process-oriented,” he says. “They were also eager to tackle the kinds of
tasks that most new associated at law firms look down upon” such as poring over and coding
thousands of documents in advance of a trial. In other words, they were perfect for the kind of
document-review work he had in mind.
After a return visit to India in August 2005, Galbenski signed a contract with two legal services
companies: QuisLex, in Hyderabad, and Manthan Services in Bangalore. Using their lawyers and
paralegals, Galbenski figured he could cut his document-review rates to $50 an hour. He also
outsourced the maintenance of the database used to store the contact information for his thousands of
contractors. In all, he spent about 12 months and $250,000 readying his newly global company.
Convincing U.S. based clients to take a chance on the new service hasn’t been easy. In November,
Galbenski lined up pilot programs with four clients (none of which are ready to publicise their use of
offshore resources). To help get the word out, he launched a website (offshore-legal-services.com),
which includes a cache of white papers and case studies to serve as a resource guide for companies
interested in outsourcing.
Questions
1. As money costs will decrease due to decision to outsource human resource, some real costs
and opportunity costs may surface. What could these be?
2. Elaborate the external and internal economies of scale as occurring to Contract Counsel.
3. Can you see some possibility of economies of scope from the information given in the case?
Discuss.
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CASE – 4 Indian Stock Market: Does it Explain Perfect Competition?
The stock market is one of the most important sources for corporates to raise capital. A stock
exchange provides a market place, whether real or virtual, to facilitate the exchange of securities
between buyers and sellers. It provides a real time trading information on the listed securities,
facilitating price discovery.
Participants in the stock market range from small individual investors to large traders, who can be
based anywhere in the world. Their orders usually end up with a professional at a stock exchange,
who executes the order. Some exchanges are physical locations where transactions are carried out on
a trading floor. The other type of exchange is of a virtual kind, composed of a network of computers
and trades are made electronically via traders.
By design a stock exchange resembles perfect competition. Large number of rational profit
maximisers actively competing with each other, trying to predict future market value of individual
securities comprises the main feature of any stock market. Important current information is almost
freely available to all participants. Price of individual security is determined by market forces and
reflects the effect of events that have already occurred and are expected to occur. In the short run it is
not easy for a market player to either exit or enter; one cannot exit and enter for few days in those
stocks which are under no delivery. For example Tata Steel was in no delivery from 29/10/07 to
02/11/07. Similarly one cannot enter or exit on those stocks which are in upper or lower circuit for
few regular trading sessions. Therefore a player has to depend wholly on market price for its profit
maximizing output (in this case stock of securities). In the long run players may exit the market if they
are not able to earn profit, but at the same time new investors are attracted by rise in market price.
As on 01/11/07 total market capital at Bombay Stock Exchange (BSE) is $1589.43 billion (source:
Business Standard, 1/11/2007); out of this individual investors account for only $100bn. In spite of
the fact that individual investors exist in a very large number, their capital base is less than 7% of total
market capital; rest of capital is owned by foreign institutional investor and domestic institutional
investors (FIIs and DIIs), which are very small in number. Average capital owned by a single large
player is huge in comparison to small investor. This situation seems to have prompted Dr Dash of BSE
to comment ‘The stock market activity is increasingly becoming more centralised, concentrated and
non competitive, serving interest of big players only.” Table 2 shows the impact of change in FII on
National Stock Exchange movement during three different time periods.
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Table 2: Impact of FIIs’ Investment on NSE
Wave
Date
Nifty
close
Change in
Nifty Index
FLLS Net
Investment
(Rs.Cr.)
Change in
Market
Capitalisation
(Rs.Cr.)
Wave 1
From
To
17/05/04
26/10/05
1388.75
2408.50
1019.75
59520
5,40,391
Wave 2
From
To
27/10/05
11/05/06
2352.90
3701.05
1348.15
38258
6,20,248
Wave 3
From
To
12/05/06
13/06/06
3650.05
2663.30
-986.75
-9709
-4,60,149
By design, an Indian Stock Market resembles perfect competition, not as a complete description (for
no markets may satisfy all requirements of the model) but as an approximation.
Questions
1. Is stock market a good example of perfect competition? Discuss.
2. Identify the characteristics of perfect competition in the stock market setting.
3. Can you find some basic aspect of perfect competition which is essentially absent in stock
market?
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CASE – 5 The Indian Audio Market
The Indian audio market pyramid is featured by the traditional radios forming its lower bulk. Besides
this, there are four other distinct segments: mono recorders (ranking second in the pyramid), stereo
recorders, midi systems (which offer the sound amplification of a big system, but at a far lower price
and expected to grow at 25% per year) and hi-fis (minis and micros, slotted at the top end of the
market).
Today the Indian audio market is abound with energy and action as both national and international
majors are trying to excel themselves and elbow the others, ushering in new concepts, like CD sound,
digital tuners, full logic tape deck, etc. The main players in the Indian audio market are Philips, BPL
and Videocon. Of these, Philips is one of the oldest and is considered at the leading national brands. In
fact it was the first company to introduce a range of international products such as CD radio cassette
recorder, stand alone CD players and CD mini hi-fi systems. With the easing of the entry barriers, a
number of new international players like Panasonic, Akai, Sansui, Sony, Sharp, Goldstar, Samsung and
Aiwa have also entered the arena. This has led to a sea of changes in the industry and resulted in an
expanded market and a happier customer, who has access to the latest international products at
competitive prices. The rise in the disposable income of the average Indian, especially the upperincome
section, has opened up new vistas for premium products and has provided a boost to
companies to launch audio systems priced as high as Rs. 50,000 and beyond.
Pricing across Segments
Super Premium Segment: This segment of the market is largely price-insensitive, as consumers are
willing to pay a premium in order to obtain products of high quality. Sonodyne has positioned itself in
this segment by concentrating on products that are too small for large players to operate in profitably.
It has launched a range of systems priced between Rs. 30,000 to Rs. 60,000. National Panasonic has
launched its super premium range of systems by the name of Technics.
Premium Segment: Much of the price game is taking place in this segment, in which systems are
priced around Rs. 25,000. Even the foreign players ensure that the pricing is competitive. Entry
barriers of yester years compelled the demand by this segment to be partially met by the grey market.
With the opening up of the market, the premium segment is witnessing a rapid growth and is
currently estimated to be worth Rs. 30 crores. Growth of this segment is also being driven by
consumers who want to upgrade their old music systems. Another major stimulating factor is the
plethora of financing options available, bringing more and more consumers to the market.
Philips has understood the Indian listener well enough to dictate the basic principles of segmentation.
It projects its products as high quality at medium price. In fact, Philips had successfully spotted an
opportunity in the wide price gap between portable cassette players and hi-fi systems and pioneered
the concept of a midi system (a three-in-one containing radio, tape deck and amplifier in one unit).
Philips has also realised that there is a section of the rich consumer which values not just power but
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also clarity and is willing to pay for it. The pricing strategy of Philips was to make the most of its image
as a technology leader. To this end, it used non-price variables by launching of a range of state of art
machines like the FW series, and CD players. Moreover, it came up with the punch line in its
advertisements as, “We Invent For You”.
BPL stands second only to Philips in the audio market and focuses on technology as its USP. Its kingpin
in the marketing mix is its high technology superior quality product. It is thus at being the productquality
leader. BPL’s proposition of fidelity is translated in its punchline for its audio systems as, ‘e-fi
your imagination’ (d-fi stands for digital fidelity). The company follows a market skimming strategy.
When a new product was launched, it was placed in the top end of the market, and priced accordingly.
The company offers a range of products in all price segments in the market without discounting the
brand.
Another major player, Videocon, has managed to price its products lower even in the premium
segment. The success of the Powerhouse (a 160 watt midi launched by Philips in 1990) had prompted
Videocon to launch the Select Sound range of midi stereo systems at a slightly lower price. At the
premium end, Videocon is making efforts to upgrade its image to being “quality-driven” by associating
itself with the internationally reputed brand name of Sansui from Japan, and following a perceived
value pricing method.
Sony is another brand which is positioning itself as a premium product and charges a higher price for
the superior quality of sound it offers. Unlike indulging into price wars, Sony’s ad-campaigns project
the message that nothing can beat Sony in the quality and intensity of sound. National Panasonic is
another player that has three products in the top end of the market, priced in the Rs. 21,000 to Rs.
32,000 range.
Monos and Stereos: Videocon has 21% share I the overall audio market, but has been a major player
only in personal stereos and two-in-ones. Its history is written with instances where it has offered
products of similar quality, but at much lower prices than its competitors. In fact, Videocon launched
the Sansui brand of products with a view to transform its image from that of being a manufacturer of
cheap products to that of being a company that primes quality, and also to obtain a share of the hi-fi
segment. Sansui is being positioned as a premium brand, targeting the higher middle, upper income
groups and also the sensitive middle class Indian consumer.
The objective of Philips in this segment is to achieve higher sales volumes and hence its strategy is to
expand its range and have a product in every segment of the market. The pricing method used by
Philips in this segment is providing value for money.
National Panasonic offers products in the lower end of the market, apart from the top of the range. In
fact, it reduced the price of one of its small two-in-ones from Rs. 3,500 to Rs. 2,400, with the logic that
a forte in the lower end of the market would help in building brand reliability across a wider customer
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base. The company is also guided by the logic that operating in the price sensitive region of the market
will help it reach optimum levels of efficiency. Panasonic has also entered the market for midis.
These apart, there also exists a sector in the Indian audio industry, with powerful regional brands in
mono and stereo segments, having a market share of 59% in mono recorders and 36% in stereo
recorders. This sector has a strong influence on price performance.
Questions
1. What major pricing strategies have been discussed in the case? How effective these strategies
have been in ensuring success of the company?
2. Is perceived value pricing the dominant strategy of major players?
3. Which products have reached maturity stage in audio industry? Do you think that product
bundling can be effectively used for promoting sale of these products?
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